Matter: physical/chemical properties, states & changes, pure substances vs. mixtures.
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Atoms & elements, atomic structure (protons, neutrons, electrons), intro to periodic table.
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Chemical reactions involve reactants forming products, showing signs like color change or heat.
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Chemical reactions follow mass conservation, involve heat change, shown in simple energy diagrams.
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Gas behavior: volume, pressure, temperature; basic gas laws; real-life uses like balloons and breathing.
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Stoichiometry: count atoms/molecules, follow mass conservation, use models to grasp reaction ratios.
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Atomic structure: subatomic particles, atomic/mass numbers, electron configs, and periodic trends.
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Covalent bonds, Lewis structures, VSEPR theory, and how molecule shape affects polarity.
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Covalent bonding basics: valence bond theory, hybridization types, and intro to molecular orbital theory.
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Chemical reactions: types, predicting products, balancing equations, and reactivity/activity series basics.
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Stoichiometry: mole conversions, formulas, limiting reactants, percent yield, and reaction calculations.
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Ionic and metallic bonding: ion formation, lattice energy, properties, crystal structures, and conductivity.
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States of matter & gas laws: kinetic theory, pressure-volume-temp relations, and key gas laws.
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Thermochemistry: heat vs. temperature, calorimetry, enthalpy changes, and Hess’s Law basics.
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Solutions and mixtures: solubility, concentration types, dissociation, hydration, and colligative properties.
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Acids & bases: definitions, strong vs weak, pH/pOH, and neutralization reactions explained.
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Acid-base equilibria: dissociation constants, pKa/pKb, buffers, and titration curve basics.
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Solubility & complex ion equilibria: Ksp, common ion effect, precipitation, and complex ion formation.
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Chemical kinetics & equilibrium: reaction rates, rate laws, equilibrium constants, and Le Châtelier’s Principle.
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Nuclear chemistry: radioactive decay types, fission & fusion, half-life, and uses in medicine & energy.
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Spontaneity & entropy: disorder, 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy, and reaction spontaneity.
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Electrochemistry: redox reactions, balancing, electrochemical cells, reduction potentials, and battery use.
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Representative elements: Groups 1–2, 13–18 chemistry, properties, reactions, uses, and periodic trends.
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Organic & biological molecules: hydrocarbons, functional groups, biomolecules, and their role in biology and polymers.
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Explore atomic theory, electron configurations, and periodic trends using mass spectrometry insights.
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Understand bonding types, draw Lewis structures, explore resonance, VSEPR shapes, and hybrid orbitals.
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Learn about states of matter, IMFs, and how they affect solids, liquids, gases, and solution properties.
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Study reaction rates, rate laws, mechanisms, catalysts, and how collisions affect chemical reactions.
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Understand heat flow, enthalpy changes, calorimetry, and apply Hess’s Law to thermochemical equations.
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Explore chemical equilibrium, use ICE tables, calculate K values, and predict shifts with Le Châtelier’s Principle.
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Study entropy, Gibbs Free Energy, redox reactions, and electrochemical cells like galvanic and electrolytic.
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